While some age-related changes are apparent, others are less obvious but can greatly affect swallowing and efficiency. The vocal cords, which help protect the airway during swallowing, may lose bulk and sensitivity with age. If they don’t close quickly or completely, food and liquid can enter the lungs, which is called aspiration. Symptoms of aspiration may include coughing while eating/drinking or a wet sounding voice. In some cases, aspiration can lead to pneumonia. Weakened tongue and throat muscles also lose strength with age, leaving food in the throat after swallowing, which increases the risk of aspiration. There’s also the esophageal sphincter — located at the top of the esophagus — which must relax to allow food to pass through. Aging can reduce the size of this opening, making it harder to swallow solid foods, pills, or large sips of liquid. For many older adults, these changes occur gradually, and compensations are made unconsciously. There are things you can do to mitigate the situation, such as sitting upright and remaining upright for at least 45 minutes to an hour after meals. Taking smaller bites, eating slowly, and focusing on swallowing to ensure the mouth is empty before taking the next bite can also help. Avoid talking while chewing to allow the airway to remain closed properly. If coughing occurs frequently, it’s crucial to see a doctor to be evaluated for aspiration pneumonia.
